Everything below concerns amino acid sequence. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Updated 2025-07-20. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
Peptide bonds are vulnerable to protease attack, and Selank is no exception. Measured half-life in serum is short, on the order of minutes in several reports, which explains why intranasal administration is the common route described in the literature. Absorption across the nasal mucosa partially bypasses first-pass hepatic metabolism. Quantitative data on human bioavailability remain limited and are difficult to compare across studies.
Lyophilised material kept dry at minus 20 degrees Celsius or colder is the most stable form, and suppliers commonly state a shelf life of two years or more under those conditions. Once dissolved, degradation accelerates through hydrolysis and deamidation, particularly at alkaline pH or elevated temperature. Working solutions are usually divided into single-use aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. The choice of reconstitution solvent affects both stability and the ionic strength of the final preparation.
The primary structure of Selank is Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro, corresponding to the molecular formula C33H57N11O9 and a monoisotopic mass of roughly 751.9 daltons. The N-terminal threonine and the arginine residue in the fourth position are shared with tuftsin, which carries the sequence Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg. The three additional residues at the C-terminus, Pro-Gly-Pro, extend the chain and are associated with greater resistance to enzymatic degradation. This extension also separates Selank from the shorter parent peptide.
Naming conventions place Selank in the same research family as Semax, another Russian-developed peptide investigated for cognitive effects. The two compounds share a lineage but differ in sequence and in the biological systems proposed as their targets. Semax descends from ACTH fragments, whereas Selank descends from tuftsin. Publications sometimes identify Selank by its full peptide sequence or by laboratory codes rather than one uniform trade name. Because replication outside Russia is limited, reports on its properties are best read alongside the study design and the purity of the material tested.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Dry storage temperature | -20 C or below | Sealed, desiccated, protected from light |
| Solution stability | Hours to days at 2-8 C | Depends on buffer and microbial load |
| Preferred pH range | Near neutral to slightly acidic | Alkaline pH accelerates hydrolysis |
| Main degradation routes | Hydrolysis and deamidation | No cysteine or methionine in sequence |
| Identity confirmation | Electrospray mass spectrometry | Observed mass compared with 751.9 Da |
Handling follows standard practice for research peptides. Material is weighed in a low-humidity environment because the powder absorbs atmospheric moisture. Purity is reported as the percentage area of the main peak in a chromatogram, with specifications commonly set at 95 percent or higher; values below that threshold indicate the presence of truncated or modified species. Residual trifluoroacetate from purification is often present and may affect mass balance. Certificates of analysis should state the analytical method, the column and gradient used, and the lot-specific retention time so that results can be compared across suppliers.
Identity and purity of selank are established with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The peptide elutes from C18 columns with acetonitrile gradients in water containing trifluoroacetic acid or formic acid, and detection is usually performed by ultraviolet absorbance near 214 nm. Electrospray ionization in positive mode gives a doubly protonated ion near m/z 377, consistent with a mass of about 752 Da. Amino acid analysis or tandem mass spectrometry of fragment ions confirms the sequence. Because the molecule has no aromatic residues, it lacks a usable 280 nm chromophore, so low-wavelength detection or mass spectrometry is required.
Identity and purity are usually assessed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, with mass spectrometry used to confirm molecular mass and sequence information. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping may supplement these methods. Certified reference standards are scarce, and many commercial lots are sold as research chemicals without a pharmacopoeial monograph. Regulatory treatment differs by country: Selank is a registered prescription medicine in Russia, while in the European Union and the United States it is not an approved drug and may fall under research-chemical or unapproved-product frameworks.
Selank is a hydrophilic peptide and dissolves readily in water and in aqueous buffers. The lyophilised powder is typically a white to off-white solid. Because short peptides are prone to hydrolysis and oxidation, handling benefits from limiting exposure to heat, moisture and strong light. Working solutions are commonly prepared in sterile water or saline, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles are avoided to reduce aggregation and loss of activity. These practices reflect general laboratory convention rather than published stability specifications.
The compound has a calculated molecular weight near 751.9 daltons and carries a net positive charge at physiological pH because of its arginine residue. It dissolves freely in water and in common aqueous buffers, and typically appears as a white or off-white lyophilized powder. The amide backbone makes the molecule susceptible to peptidases, which limits oral use and favors intranasal or parenteral routes. Nomenclature in the literature varies: the substance is also described by the sequence abbreviation TP-7 and by a Russian trade designation.
Regulatory status differs sharply by region. Selank holds a Russian marketing authorization, where it is supplied mainly as nasal drops, while authorities elsewhere have not approved it for medical use. Material sold internationally is therefore usually labeled as a research chemical rather than a medicine. Peer-reviewed publications come predominantly from Russian laboratories, and sample sizes are generally small. Whether the compound produces comparable effects under independent, well-controlled replication remains an open question that the broader literature has not settled.
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide developed in Russia as a structural analogue of tuftsin, a naturally occurring immunomodulatory tetrapeptide. Its sequence, Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro, keeps the tuftsin core at the N-terminus and appends a Pro-Gly-Pro tail. Researchers at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow synthesized the compound during the 1990s while searching for peptides with combined anxiolytic and immunomodulatory activity. The added tail was intended to resist enzymatic cleavage and prolong the molecule's presence in circulation.
Published work on this peptide almost always uses intranasal delivery, with drops or a spray applied to the nasal mucosa. Some animal experiments have used subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection, and a smaller number have compared routes directly. Oral administration is not a focus of the literature, because short peptides of this size are broken down by digestive enzymes and cross intestinal barriers poorly. How much of an intranasal dose reaches the bloodstream intact in humans remains an open question.
Animal studies have examined behaviour in tests of anxiety, memory retention and stress response, and several report changes in neurotrophic or neurotransmitter-related markers. The human evidence base is much smaller, consisting mainly of short trials conducted in Russia with limited reporting in English-language journals. Sample sizes are modest and outcome measures vary between studies, so the findings are best described as preliminary. Independent replication under modern trial standards has not been widely reported.
=== Comments on Julian Assange sexual assault allegations === Galloway was criticised for comments he made in August 2012 on the legal case involving Wikileaks' Julian Assange in a podcast released on YouTube. He stated that "I think that Julian Assange's personal sexual behaviour is something sordid, disgusting, and I condemn it." Swedish prosecutors wanted to question Assange in relation to the alleged sexual assault of two women, an accusation he has rejected. Galloway continued by stating: "But even taken at its worst, if the allegations made by these two women were true, 100 per cent true, and even if a camera in the room captured them, they don't constitute rape, at least not rape as anyone with any sense can possibly recognise it." He also stated that "not everybody needs to be asked prior to each insertion." He continued by saying that the allegations, even if true, "don't constitute rape" because initiating sex with someone who is asleep after a sexual encounter the previous night is not rape (one of the women, he said, "woke up to him [Assange] having sex with her again – something which can happen, you know"). He said that Assange's alleged actions amounted to no more than "bad sexual etiquette", and he did not believe the women's story anyway. According to British barrister Felicity Gerry, Galloway's description of rape is not correct under English law.
==== Clinical evidence ==== The amount typically used in clinical trials is 1200–2400 mg/day of red yeast rice containing approximately 10 mg total monacolins, of which half are monacolin K. A meta-analysis reported LDL-cholesterol lowered by 1.02 mmol/L (39.4 mg/dL) compared to placebo. The incidence of reported adverse effects ranged from 0% to 5% and was not different from controls. A second meta-analysis incorporating more recent clinical trials also reported significant lowering of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. Within the first review, the largest and longest duration trial was conducted in China. Close to 5,000 post-heart attack patients were enrolled for an average of 4.5 years to receive either a placebo or a RYR product named xuezhikang (Chinese: 血脂康; pinyin: xuè zhī kāng). The test product was an ethanol extract of red yeast rice, with a monacolin K content of 11.6 mg/day. Key results: in the treated group, risk of subsequent heart attacks was reduced by 45%, cardio deaths by 31%, and all-cause deaths by 33%. These heart attack and cardiovascular death outcomes appear to be better than what has been reported for prescription statin drugs. A 2008 review pointed out that the cardioprotective effects of statins in Japanese populations occur at lower doses than are needed in Western populations, and theorized that the low amount of monacolins found in the xuezhikang product might have been more effectively athero-protective than expected in the Chinese population for the same reason.
=== Cognitive impairment and behavioral disturbances === Persons affected are cognitively impaired and have behavioral disturbances that emerge between two and three years of age. The uncontrollable self-injury associated with LNS also usually begins at three years of age. The self-injury begins with biting of the lips and tongue; as the disease progresses, affected individuals frequently develop finger biting and headbanging. The self-injury can increase during times of stress. Self-harm is a distinguishing characteristic of the disease and is apparent in 85% of affected males. The majority of individuals are cognitively impaired, which is sometimes difficult to distinguish from other symptoms because of the behavioral disturbances and motor deficits associated with the syndrome. In many ways, the behaviors may be seen as a psychological extension of the compulsion to cause self-injury, and include rejecting desired treats or travel, repaying kindness with coldness or rage, failing to answer test questions correctly despite study and a desire to succeed, and provoking anger from caregivers when affection is desired. Compulsive behaviors also occur, including aggressiveness, vomiting, spitting, and coprolalia (involuntary swearing). The development of this type of behavior is sometimes seen within the first year, or in early childhood, but others may not develop it until later in life.
On 8 July, an ambush targeting a military convoy in Lasbela killed 11 Pakistani soldiers, with ISPR stating that 38 security personnel and four civilians had been killed in three major attacks by TTP in Balochistan over the last three days, while also claiming to have killed 54 insurgents in retaliatory operations. A mortar strike in Orakzai District killed a civilian. A military attack on an insurgent roadblock in Nushki District resulted in six insurgents being killed. An attack on a police post in Bannu District was repelled resulting in two insurgents being injured. On 9 July, an Elite Force officer was assassinated by insurgents in Tank District. On 10 July, insurgents destroyed a bridge on the Quetta-Taftan highway in the Batto area of Nushki District. CM Balochistan claimed that 75 terrorists had been killed in various operations since July 5 in Balochistan, with 17 more being killed in Ziarat District, that day bringing the toll of those killed under Operation Shaban to 43. Pakistani forces killed four TTP insurgents under Commander Zahid in Karak District and one more TTP militant in Peshawar as well as launching helicopter strikes against TTP infrastructure in Tank District. Two Policemen were ambushed and killed in Spinwam by insurgents. Two Lashkar-e-Jhangvi militants were also captured from Karachi. On 11 July, suspected TTP drone strike in Tank District killed a school teacher and wounded two civilians. On 12 July, TTP insurgents killed a CTD officer in Totalai. A mortar strike damaged a house in North Waziristan.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Collision-induced dissociation === Post-source fragmentation is most often what is being used in a tandem mass spectrometry experiment. Energy can also be added to the ions, which are usually already vibrationally excited, through post-source collisions with neutral atoms or molecules, the absorption of radiation, or the transfer or capture of an electron by a multiply charged ion. Collision-induced dissociation (CID), also called collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), involves the collision of an ion with a neutral atom or molecule in the gas phase and subsequent dissociation of the ion. For example, consider
Tensions continued in late April 2025 after the spread of an offensive audio recording allegedly containing blasphemous content against the Islamic prophet Muhammad, allegedly attributed to a Druze scholar named Marwan Kiwan, who disavowed it.
==== Expedition 70/71 ==== Caldwell Dyson returned to flight training as a backup crew member for the Soyuz MS-24. She backed up her NASA astronaut colleague Loral O'Hara. She was officially assigned to the Soyuz MS-25 in 2023. Her first attempt to launch on the Soyuz MS-25 mission on March 21, 2024 was aborted with 20 seconds left before lift-off. The scrub occurred because of a low voltage reading in the Soyuz rocket electrical system. She launched on March 23, 2024 with Roscosmos cosmonaut Oleg Novitsky and Belarusian cosmonaut Marina Vasilevskaya. After a two-day rendezvous profile, the Soyuz crew docked with International Space Station's Prichal module on March 25, 2024. The first weeks of her mission dealt with the SpaceX CRS-30 mission, as well as viewing the total eclipse above North America on April 8, 2024 and the redocking of SpaceX Crew-8 in early May. Starting in mid-May, Expedition 71 crew focused themselves on the preparation for the three planned EVAs. During this period, the crew checked out EMUs, tools, and reviewed procedures. They also performed maintenance tasks around station as well as continued scientific work. On June 6, Caldwell Dyson saw the arrival of the first crewed mission of Starliner. The Starliner crew was composed of Barry Wilmore and Sunita Williams. Caldwell Dyson monitored the arrival of Starliner alongside Matthew Dominick and helped the Starliner crew to accomplish their test flight objectives including testing the spacecraft habitability for four crew members and its capability as a safe haven in case of an emergency.
== History == The LuLu International Shopping Mall, Hyderabad (commonly LuLu Mall Hyderabad) is the first LuLu Group mall in Telangana, opened on 27 September 2023 at Kukatpally Housing Board Colony. Its inauguration by Telangana Municipal Administration Minister K. T. Rama Rao and LuLu Group Chairman M. A. Yusuff Ali marked the culmination of a ₹300 crore investment and a two‑year redevelopment of the former Manjeera Mall site into a destination retail and entertainment hub. The project was part of a broader ₹3,500 crore commitment by LuLu Group to develop retail, food‑processing, and export‑oriented facilities in Telangana, following a memorandum of understanding signed during the World Economic Forum in Davos.
=== Other research === As of July 2013, afamelanotide was in phase II and III clinical trials for vitiligo and other skin diseases. A medication for rheumatoid arthritis, tofacitinib, has been tested for the treatment of vitiligo. According to a 2021 review, JAK inhibitors like ruxolitinib show promise in targeting the IFN-γ-chemokine signaling axis implicated in vitiligo pathogenesis and improving NSV. In mid-2026, pharmaceutical corporation Pfizer announced positive phase III trial results of ritlecitinib, a kinas-inhibiting drug, to treat NSV. Additionally, a 2026 study published in The Lancet showed positive results with the JAK inhibitor upadacitinib. As of 2024, mitochondrial antioxidants, NRF2 inhibitors, and TBK1 inhibitors were emerging as potential therapeutic options to block the effects of melanocytic mtDNA release associated with vitiligo. The head of a 2025 Osaka Metropolitan University research team suggested that its discoveries, which included the presence of dormant pigment cells in vitiligo patches, could lead to new treatment approaches.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
In the wild, adult Komodo dragons usually weigh around 70 kg (150 lb), although captive specimens often weigh more. According to Guinness World Records, an average adult male will weigh 79 to 91 kg (174 to 201 lb) and measure 2.59 m (8.5 ft), while an average female will weigh 68 to 73 kg (150 to 161 lb) and measure 2.29 m (7.5 ft). The largest verified specimen in captivity was 3.1–3.13 m (10 ft 2 in – 10 ft 3 in) long and weighed 166 kg (366 lb), including its undigested food. The largest wild specimen had a length 3.04 m (10 ft), a snout-vent length (SVL) 1.54 m (5 ft 1 in) and a mass of 81.5 kg (180 lb) excluding stomach contents. The heaviest reached a mass of 87.4 kg (193 lb). The study noted that weights greater than 100 kg (220 lb) were possible but only after the animal had consumed a large meal. The Komodo dragon has a tail as long as its body, as well as about 60 frequently replaced, serrated teeth that can measure up to 2.5 cm (1 in) in length. Its saliva is frequently blood-tinged because its teeth are almost completely covered by gingival tissue that is naturally lacerated during feeding. It also has a long, yellow, deeply forked tongue.
=== Economic solar panel === The MAXXUN project was to develop a system of disruptive solar cells based on the luminescent solar concentrating (LSC) technology, in order to lower the investment for a solar energy system by more than half. Altran Technologies consultants have worked during a year with the award-winning team to increase the surface area of the panel from 2.5 cm2 to 10 cm2; to apply an absorbing and dispersing layer on this extra surface area; to optimize light power under different conditions; to build a demonstration model and to identify potential partners.
== Background == The summit was held on the French shore of Lake Geneva, close to the border with Switzerland. Because delegations were expected to arrive through Geneva Airport, the event required security coordination between France, Switzerland and the Swiss cantons of Geneva, Vaud and Valais. The summit had initially been announced for 14–16 June 2026, but was later postponed by a day to 15–17 June, to avoid a clash with the planned UFC Freedom 250 mixed martial arts event held on US president Donald Trump's birthday. French president Emmanuel Macron made the reduction of global economic imbalances a priority for France's G7 presidency, citing industrial overcapacity, underinvestment, excessive debt, deregulation and low private investment in developing countries among the threats to economic stability. The summit took place in the aftermath of reports of a memorandum of understanding between the US and Iran aimed at ending the Iran War and reopening the Strait of Hormuz. Trump signed the memorandum at the Palace of Versailles on 17 June 2026, during a dinner hosted by Macron after the summit.
==== Rentosertib ==== Rentosertib is an investigational new drug that targets TNIK (TRAF2 and NCK-interacting protein kinase). It is asserted to be the first drug generated entirely by generative AI to reach mid-stage human clinical trials, and the first to target a novel AI-discovered biological pathway. A multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized phase 2a trial was conducted in China, testing the drug in 71 IPF patients from July 2023 to June 2024, encompassing an administration period of 12 weeks. Participants were randomly assigned to receive 30 mg once daily (QD), 30 mg twice daily (BID), 60 mg QD, or placebo. The trial's primary endpoint was the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs).
Saturated fatty acids have no C=C double bonds. They have the formula CH3(CH2)nCOOH, where n is some positive integer. An important saturated fatty acid is stearic acid (n = 16), which when neutralized with sodium hydroxide is the most common form of soap.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Dry powder is best kept sealed, protected from light, and held at minus 20 degrees Celsius or below. Desiccant packaging helps limit moisture uptake because the material is hygroscopic. A sealed vial should be allowed to equilibrate to room temperature before opening to reduce condensation.
Hydrolysis of peptide bonds and deamidation of arginine and proline residues are the main degradation routes. Alkaline pH and higher temperatures accelerate both processes. Buffered, near-neutral solutions stored cold generally degrade more slowly than unbuffered ones.
Reverse-phase chromatography gives the clearest single view of related impurities and truncated sequences. Mass spectrometry then confirms that the main peak carries the expected mass. Neither test detects enantiomeric impurities, which require a separate chiral assay.
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide designed as a stabilized analog of the natural tetrapeptide tuftsin. It has been investigated mainly for anxiolytic and cognitive effects. It is not an approved pharmaceutical in most countries.